A team of astronomers from several countries, led by researchers in Canada, has identified a galaxy cluster that appears far earlier and far hotter than current science predicts. The cluster is filled with intensely hot gas and existed just 1.4 billion years after the Big Bang. According to established theories, galaxy clusters at this stage should not yet reach such extreme temperatures.

The findings, published on January 5 in Nature, raise serious challenges for widely accepted models of galaxy cluster formation. Those models suggest that clusters gradually heat up over time and only reach these temperatures much later, after becoming larger and more stable.

"We didn't expect to see such a hot cluster atmosphere so early in cosmic history," said lead author Dazhi Zhou, a PhD candidate in the UBC department of physics and astronomy. "In fact, at first I was skeptical about the signal as it was too strong to be real. But after months of verification, we've confirmed this gas is at least five times hotter than predicted, and even hotter and more energetic than what we find in many present-day clusters."

Dr. Scott Chapman, a co-author and professor at Dalhousie University who carried out the research while at the National Research Council of Canada (NRC), said the results point to powerful activity in the young universe. "This tells us that something in the early universe, likely three recently discovered supermassive black holes in the cluster, were already pumping huge amounts of energy into the surroundings and shaping the young cluster, much earlier and more strongly than we thought."

Investigating a Baby Galaxy Cluster

To make the discovery, the researchers looked back roughly 12 billion years to study a young galaxy cluster known as SPT2349-56. Observations were carried out using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), a network of radio telescopes that includes instruments designed, built, and tested by the NRC.

Despite its age, this cluster is already remarkably large. Its central region spans about 500,000 light years, similar in size to the halo surrounding the Milky Way. The cluster contains more than 30 active galaxies packed closely together and is producing new stars at a rate more than 5,000 times higher than that of our own galaxy.

To measure the heat within the cluster, the team relied on a technique known as the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect. This approach allows scientists to estimate the thermal energy of the intracluster medium:the gas existing between the galaxies of a given cluster.

"Understanding galaxy clusters is the key to understanding the biggest galaxies in the universe," said Dr. Chapman, who is also a UBC affiliate professor. "These massive galaxies mostly reside in clusters, and their evolution is heavily shaped by the very strong environment of the clusters as they form, including the intracluster medium."